Main Outcome Measures: Visual Numeric Scale (VNS), Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), North American Spine Society Patient Satisfaction Index (PSI), and subsequent surgery.
Main Outcome Measures: Visual analog scale and hindfoot functional test (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Hindfoot Questionnaire) were performed before and after treatment by an independent evaluator.
Main Outcome Measures: Visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores for the back and for the lower extremity, the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), and the North American Spine Society Patient Satisfaction Index.
Main Outcome Measures: Impairment outcome measures (visual analog scale [VAS] pain, neck range of motion, morning stiffness, score of neck sensitivity, radiologic score of Kellgren) and patients' perceived handicap (VAS) were recorded at the baseline visit.
Main Outcome Measures: Visual analog scale (VAS) of safety, percentage of subjects able to learn the skills, the time required, and subjective difficulty scores (from 1 for "very easy" to 5 for "very difficult").
Main Outcome Measures: Visual analog scale (VAS), angular velocities of 90°/s and 120°/s performed by Biodex System 3 Pro isokinetic dynamometer, and lifting capacity with progressive isoinertial lifting evaluation (PILE).
Main Outcome Measures: Visual analog scale (VAS) score for pain severity and range of motion (ROM) were assessed before the injection and at 10 and 60 minutes after it.
Main outcome measures Visual analogue scale for pain on elbow extension and resisted wrist extension.
Secondary: European quality of life measure, visual analogue scale scores for low back pain and for leg pain.
Japanese Knee Osteoarthritis Measure, visual analog scale score, normal walking speed, and knee-extensor strength were measured to evaluate the effects of the supplement on knee-joint functions and locomotor functions.
