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Difficulties in measuring very low substrate concentrations are by passed by using accurate measurements of OD and a calibration curve relating OD (biomass) to substrate [13] - a method that can in principle be generalized to other substrates that are incorporated into biomass.
Magnetic thermometers increase in efficiency as temperature decreases, which makes them extremely useful in measuring very low temperatures with precision.
The advantages of using kHz SLR data, instead of classical photometry methods, are the possibility of measuring very low spin rates, without using any additional equipment, during day and night.
There are also difficulties in measuring very low levels of blood MT protein by the commonly used MT assays.
The use of plasma estrogens (estradiol and estrone) to evaluate the activity of aromatase inhibitors is hampered by technical difficulties in measuring very low postmenopausal estrogen levels [ 23].
This study was noteworthy for its use of more sensitive calibration standards and continual verification reference samples to increase confidence in measuring very low blood lead levels (< 5 μg/dL).
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We concede that there probably is a margin of error in the measurement of ischaemic core volume with perfusion CT (as the technique measures very low flow as a surrogate for core).
"Not surprisingly, all of those samples measured very low for lead," the paper reported.
The potentiometer operates by comparing the voltage to be measured with known voltage; it is used to measure very low voltages.
Thin-film magnetoelectric sensors are able to measure very low magnetic fields.
Figure 12 shows the results of a laboratory experiment to measure very low Doppler frequencies from a slowly rotating three-blade propeller, at a carrier frequency of 7.5 GHz in the FSR configuration.
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