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Here, systematic errors on measuring the input variables for Equation (5) need to be considered.
Once it is properly calibrated, the mechanical impedance of the structure can be indirectly detected via measuring the input electrical impedance of the actuator.
In the first step, the plain leakage amplitude without any LCC signal is measured by setting the complex LCC output c0=0 and measuring the input amplitude: r 0 = x 2 + y 2, (2).
The relay nodes also need to know the noise variance in order to calculate the ASNR value that are sent to the destination in Phase 2. This is done by measuring the input level in the first 48-symbol long frame, see Figure 6.
Passive cell characteristics were determined by measuring the input resistance and membrane time constant.
The laser pulse energy at the object focal plane was determined by measuring the input energy at the back aperture of the objective multiplied by the transmission factor (0.68) of the objective.
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Measuring the output of service industries is notoriously difficult; so is measuring the inputs of high-tech capital that many such industries use intensively.
The dynamic range defines the precision that must be applied to measuring the inputs or generating the outputs.
"You measure the input and you measure the output and you see which is larger.
The power meter 1 is used to measure the input power.
Another accelerometer A6 was attached to the wooden base plate to measure the input motion.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com