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This reduces the radiation losses from the hairpin and, thus, preserves a high quality factor, which is desirable for measuring the additional microwave loss contributed by the sample.
It is however possible to calculate an added stability margin (ASM) measuring the additional gain margin (the distance of to 0dB, see Figure 4) obtained by the AFC Figure 4 Illustration of the stability margin.
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Dummy treatments that might elicit the placebo effect are often used in clinical trials as a comparison group to allow scientists to measure the additional effects of experimental medicines.
Let (Delta e_{i}) measure the additional effort or cost incurred by a steering institution and (Delta e_{j}) measure the additional effort or cost incurred by an actuator.
In [32], the authors measured the additional power consumption when applying partial reconfiguration on Virtex 5 FPGAs.
Here, an impact profile shall measure the additional impact of the weekday public holiday at a certain week-day.
Such taper functions may be more costly to use given the need to measure the additional stem diameter.
The main parameter of interest, β 2, measures the additional effect of being married to a German spouse compared to being married to a non-German spouse.
First notice that (v^{2} = {text{Var}} eta )) measures the additional noise resulting from using (P_{2}) under (A_{2}) as compared to using (y_{2}) under (A_{1}).
We can define a parameter (theta =(Delta e_{j})/(Delta e_{i})) that measures the additional effort incurred by actuators for a unit increase in signaling effort by the steering institutions and a parameter (phi =Delta y/(Delta e_{j})) that measures the additional output resulting from a unit increase in effort by an actuator.
In this modified regression model, the interaction term E t−1 × GGAAP t identifies the additional effect of accounting standards and E t−1 × GALMA t measures the additional effect of the German Accounting Law Modernization Act on the persistence of earnings.
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