The PIP (positive ion probe) instrument was used to measure small scale structure of the positive ion density.
All three sounding rockets were equipped with the CONE (COmbined sensor for Neutrals and Electrons) instrument to measure small scale structure of neutral air and electron density, and neutral temperature.
However, according to [2, 24], "oscillatory components do not have small norms in L 2 or L 1." In our case, we use the Banach ({left |{mathcal {C}}{ cdot }right |}) which is more suitable than the Banach space (E = B^{-1}_{infty, infty }) in equation (1.3) [3] for measuring small-scale objects, e.g., noise.
We propose the use of a novel spatiotemporal analytical framework (ST-BBD), based on the beta-binomial distribution (BBD) model, to measure small-scale aggregation in animal movement data sets, including two simulated and three collected primate data sets.
Her research includes experimental studies of dynamic stall experienced by airfoils at high Reynolds numbers, and its effect on the performance of vertical axis wind turbines, as well as field experiments using nanoscale hot-wires to measure small-scale turbulence in the atmospheric surface layer.
The instrument is able to measure small-scale (down to tens of meters) density variations that result from the complex magnetosphere-ionosphere interaction.
Unlike the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) which measures small-scale green spaces in a standardized way, and other more specific synthetic measures of greenness, our index only measured the degree of greenness in each census block.
Firstly, we present a pre-pilot study concerned with practical issues of measuring air temperature and humidity within a population, and secondly the results of an empirical pilot study in rural South Africa that set out to measure small-scale differentials in air temperature and humidity within a local population, including characterising indoor outdoor differentials in typical houses.
This objective measure of greenness allowed us to measure small-scale green spaces (e.g., home gardens and street trees) in a standardized way, but it does not distinguish different types of vegetation or land cover (e.g., agriculture, urban green space, natural forests).
Over the coming months and years we will expand to measuring small quantities (e.g. single mineral scale) of Nd and Sr isotopes with high precision.
The results from our analysis showed that soil and water conservation measures, small-scale irrigation, agronomic practices, and livelihood diversification are found to be the dominant adaptation options that farmers used in response to climate change and variability.
