Reduced lung function growth is also linked to NO2 at concentrations currently measured (or observed) in cities of Europe and North America.
Fourthly, fixed effects allow the model to capture differences that can be hardly measured or observed.
In a research context, a construct is a concept that can be measured or observed in some way.
State space modeling is an established framework for analyzing stochastic and deterministic dynamical systems that are measured or observed through a stochastic process.
Properties, including strength, colour, mass loss, and microstructure, of MPC specimens before and after exposure different high temperature were measured or observed in this paper.
Directly measured or observed variables (slope, soil composition, rock outcrop) generally displayed high concordance, while variables that required judgments regarding descriptive categories (aspect, ecological system, landform) were less concordant.
Modeling road safety is a complex task, which needs to consider both the quantifiable impact of specific parameters, and the underlying trends that cannot always be measured or observed.
It says that a quantum system, such as the orientation of an electron's spin, simultaneously exists in all of its possible states until it is measured or observed.
Textbook quantum theory provides two rules for the evolution of the wave function of a quantum system: A deterministic dynamics given by Schrödinger's equation when the system is not being "measured" or observed, and a random collapse of the wave function to an eigenstate of the "measured observable" when it is.
4. In order for this strategy to be successful, what assumptions would have to prove true? 5. How could you measure or observe this strategy in action to see if it is in fact working?
