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Defining and measuring involvement is a methodological challenge.
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Defining and measuring male involvement is a methodological challenge, as demonstrated by the diverse range of indicators adopted by the studies in this review and elsewhere in the literature.
A total score of 4 6 was considered as "involved in PMTCT" and 0 3 as "not involved in PMTCT" relative to this particular population and this score of measuring PMTCT involvement was taken from previous literature [ 13].
There are no established indicators for measuring involvement in the literature [ 8], and few authors are explicit about their own notions of involvement or their choice of indicators.
One way to quantify family involvement is to measure the frequency of visits and the tasks done by the family members [ 26].
In certain patients such measurements may not provide suitable outcome measures if pathological involvement is minimal, or already progressed to an end-state severity at these levels.
It is a well-known fact that parental involvement can help students achieve success in school; however, it is difficult to measure how much parental involvement is required of parents in order for them to help their children to improve their learning skills and performance.
Perceived involvement is measured by asking patients whether they felt they were offered a choice between BSC plus chemotherapy and BSC alone [ 24].
Second, in most empirical studies, the level of family involvement is often measured as the proportion of family ownership and managerial rights in an enterprise.
However, male involvement is difficult to measure, and further research is necessary to understand the barriers and enablers for men to engage in MNH, and to define target groups for interventions.
By any measure, the level of presidential involvement is extraordinary.
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