Concerning the validity of reported food habits, the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) questionnaire for measuring intake of fruit, vegetables, sweets and soft drinks has been recognized as a valid instrument in epidemiological studies ranking adolescents according to their usual food intake [ 63].
Methodological issues related to measuring intake of a nutrient at such low levels (<1% of energy), and the complexity of parsing specific trans fatty acids into "industrial" or "ruminant" sources, also decreases our confidence in the results for ruminant derived trans fats.
The evidence also supported an inverse relationship for extrinsic sugars though the evidence was less consistent than for total sugars, which may be explained by the challenge of accurately measuring intakes of extrinsic sugars compared with total sugars.
Objective To evaluate the ability of 2 new short assessment instruments and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to measure intake of fruit and vegetables.
Fruits, vegetables, sweetened foods, and beverages have been found to have positive and negative associations with obesity in early childhood, yet no rapid assessment tools are available to measure intake of these foods among preschoolers.
However, we measured intake of animal fat (lard) as a proxy for saturated fat and obtained a similar positive result.
Studies were excluded from the analysis if they did not measure intake of that specific beverage or if that beverage was not consumed in that population.
There were also differences in the consumption test between this and earlier studies; we measured voluntary ad-libitum intake of one food (crisps, as in Lawrence et al., 2012) whereas others measured intake of a variety of food in a bogus taste test (Houben, 2011; Houben & Jansen, 2011) or voluntary consumption of one food outside of the lab over a 24-hour period (Veling et al., 2011).
The Scottish Collaborative Group Food Frequency Questionnaire (SCG FFQ) 25 26 was used to measure intakes of foods and alcohol.
Design: In 30 women of reproductive age (18 45 y), we monitored diets monthly for 1 y by using 48-h weighed records to measure intakes of choline, betaine, folate, methionine, riboflavin, and vitamins B-6 and B-12.
Although some studies have measured intakes of CF, most were conducted in developing countries [ 17- 21] or their analyses included only select nutrients (usually energy and protein [ 22, 23]).
