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When we began measuring bone lead, we used an instrument developed by ABIOMED (Danvers, MA).
The technicians measuring bone lead were blinded to the participants' health status.
In the late 1980s a noninvasive way of measuring bone lead emerged, using X-ray fluorescence technology.
With advances in measuring bone lead through X-ray fluorescence, several studies have evaluated the association of health effects with both bone and blood lead measures.
X-ray fluorescence (XRF), a rapid, noninvasive, low-radiation-dose method of measuring bone lead content, has emerged as a promising tool for providing an integrated estimate of low-level lead accumulation in epidemiological studies.
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We adjusted for substudy to account for both the different KXRF machines used in the two substudies, as well as secular trends in lead exposure and possibly psychological symptom reporting, and age (years) at bone lead measurement, which is related to measured bone lead concentrations (Wilker et al. 2011).
No studies to date have measured bone lead in cancer patients.
On the same day as the MRI study, we took blood samples, measured bone lead levels, and administered the questionnaires.
We examined models separately for tibia and patella because of collinearity between the two bone lead measures; bone lead measures were standardized.
Given the routes of lead exposure and cumulative nature of bone lead measures, measured bone lead concentration may include, and is almost certainly correlated with, lead exposures before cohort formation.
We measured bone lead in tibia and patella using K X-ray fluorescence and blood lead using atomic absorption spectrometry (Kamel et al. 2002).
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