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Despite the difficulty in measuring abstract constructs such as Appreciation of Differences, the high degree of interrater reliability among researcher observations shows attention to consistency in the rating process.
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Though they are sometime implicit rather than explicit, business models are not abstract constructs.
Taxonomic categories are abstract constructs aimed at organizing the diversity of life (Dobzhansky 1935).
There are established psychometric methods for developing and refining structured questionnaires of abstract constructs such as acute pain in humans.
Also, inner strength in some ways is an abstract construct and can be difficult to measure, but still the ISS has shown acceptable psychometric properties (cf. Lundman et al., 2011) and the construct is built on a thoroughly performed and presented meta-analysis (Lundman, Aléx et al., 2010).
For such an abstract construct, validation of a measure involves a series of steps beginning with a conceptual definition of the construct that is revised as additional evidence accrues.
Construct validity refers in part to the ability of an instrument to measure an abstract concept or construct.
Specifically, corporate identity is an abstract construct that is difficult to capture.
The model was capable of operationalization of data as an abstract construct referring to other hidden and integrative indications.
Today, you – a non-fan – are emotionally stable and untethered to an abstract construct that literally never ends.
Coping is a relatively abstract construct and may, therefore, be more difficult to imagine.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com