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Data collected in psychiatry and related fields are complex because outcomes are rarely directly observed, there are multiple correlated repeated measures within individuals, there is natural heterogeneity in treatment responses and in other characteristics in the populations.
Changes in hemoglobin over time were analyzed using generalized estimating equations to account for repeated measures within individuals.
To account for the repeated measures within individuals, we applied multilevel logistic regression [ 19].
These models use all available PWV data and account for correlation between repeated measures within individuals.
All registered individual visits to publicly funded physicians due to health care were included, i.e. repeated measures within individuals.
We limited data to first-time respondents, to avoid the error of non-independent repeated measures within individuals.
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However, measures that are only completed at one time point cannot measure within-individual change which is an essential feature of outcome measurement, as such the completion of the same measure at follow-up is crucial to meet the criteria of outcome measurement.
We therefore used amplitude only to measure within-individual changes.
When individual organisms live through multiple occurrences of a given event, investigators can measure within-individual among-event associations between environmental variables and phenotypes.
Log10 (honeywater consumption) was the dependent variable, colony and injection type were independent variables (between-individuals effect) and days after injection was a repeated measure (within-individuals effect).
The IONDT used change, defined as decibel loss or increased number of points within defects identified at baseline, to detect progression using the computerized classification system, after adjusting for measured within-individual variations in performance.
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