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To account for the repeated measures within cows at quarter level, cow was included as a random effect with variance components as covariance structure.
However, when adjusting for repeated measures within cows, the P value for this humoral difference was 0.098.
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Isotropic spatial exponential correlation structures were used to model serial correlations of repeated measurements within cows.
The variations of CH4 (l/day) among the cows were lower than the within-cow variations.
Compared to the standard respiration chamber (Blaxter and Clapperton, 1965), the current study resulted in similar levels of between-cow variations and higher levels of within-cow variations.
A large scale CH4 measurement study with 215 dairy cows (Garnsworthy et al., 2012b) indicated a between-cow variation of 23% (CV), whereas the within-cow variation was 6%.
Concentrations of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide 1(7–36) amide, and oxyntomodulin were measured in pooled samples within cow and sampling day, whereas active ghrelin was measured in samples obtained 30 min before and after feeding at 0800 h.
When measuring for a short period of time, for example, a visit in the AMS or in a single day, the variation in CH4 (l/day) emission between cows was lower than within cows.
About half of the cows had multiple trimmings, and trimmings were therefore partially clustered within cows.
This suggested that clustering within herds was extremely important, whereas clustering within cows was less important.
In the model for hygiene-related lesions, the intra-class correlation coefficient of cows within herd was 0.16 and that of trimmings within cows was 0.29.
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