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Standardized mean differences were calculated because there were multiple outcome measures with different standard deviations.
Importantly, previous studies have shown that cultural differences impact on the validity of items within measures with different DIF items being identified in different countries (e.g. [ 9, 10]).
For studies reporting continuous data, we will extract individual study estimates using the standardised mean difference with small sample correction; i.e., Hedge's g. 19 We will use the standardised mean difference effect size instead of the weighted mean difference because we expect to locate studies in which multiple measures with different scales being used to assess outcomes.
Note that you cannot compare the different graphs with each other as they represent different measures with different scales.
Dunn measures with different number of clusters (k), with respect to Problem Context1 Fig. 9 DB Context2.
DB measures with different number of clusters (k), with respect to Problem Context1 Fig. 8 Dunn Context1.
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Difference in cartilage volume measured with different thick slices of MR images is expressed as percentage.
Little difference in bone ingrowth is measured with different scaffold design.
The differences in energy between the peaks for an alpha emission measured with different incident angles are due to the energy loss of alpha particles in the source.
Importantly, RFs have been measured with different techniques in those studies.
Having independent sources measured with different instruments, across independent samples, and time horizons enhances the confidence in the reported patterns.
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