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An analysis of three-armed trials with a natural-history control group in addition to treatment and placebo groups found no significant effect different from natural history for dichotomous outcomes, but a significant effect size of d = -.28 for continuos measures, which reflects mostly the placebo effect in pain [ 10].
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This study attempts to optimize the geometric cross-section dimensions of raised pedestrian crosswalks (RPC), employing safety and comfort measures which reflect environmental conditions and drivers behavioral patterns in Qazvin, Iran.
For many industrialized and urbanized river basins, the layout of the fluvial area depends on the human choices for landscaping measures, which reflect the dominant value system of the actors.
We used four output measures which reflect the main activities performed in the primary care facilities: 1) general consultation and nursing care, 2) deliveries, 3) immunisation, and 4) special services, e.g. family planning, prenatal and postnatal consultations.
Four studies suggest that reductions in available cognitive capacity reduce both STI and STT effects, both on measures of savings in relearning (which reflect the strength of trait associations with a person) and on trait ratings measures (which reflect the strength of trait inferences made about a person).
The efficient use of primary energy sources, which can be used for hydrogen production, is addressed by a consideration of four key measures, which reflect the ability of different sources and processing routes to meet underlying needs and the practical demands of energy on a large scale.
A common strategy is to use task measures which reflect developmental stages [ 6].
It is thus important to distinguish between measures which reflect controlled, deliberate processes and those which assess involuntary, intrusive cognitions.
Measures of income inequality represent the unequal distribution of income within areas [ 23], in contrast to area poverty measures which reflect mean income [ 24].
Scandinavian Stroke Scale and Barthel Index are measures which reflect stroke severity and they may as such be considered intermediate steps in the association between atrial fibrillation and patient outcome.
This study describes an efficient integration from transcriptomic data to quantitative measures, which reflect the responses against xenobiotics that are captured in a biological network model.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com