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The validity of a study addresses the issue of whether the researcher actually measures what is said to be measured.
Reliability is concerned with random error, i.e. how consistently a scale measures what is it supposed to measure.
That said, the LOT-R measures what is referred to as dispositional (trait) optimism/pessimism - or something that is seen as relatively stable over time.
Validity refers to the degree to which the questionnaire measures what is intended to be measured, and this is usually inferred from the degree to which the questionnaire agrees with other criteria.
The validity of a diagnostic tool is the degree to which the test measures what is intended to be measured and is normally determined by evaluating its sensitivity and specificity.
Additionally it aims to contribute to the validation of the SF-36 by contributing to the accumulation of different types of evidence showing that the instrument measures what is supposed and intended to measure [ 14].
Similar(53)
Initial efforts concentrate on measuring what is getting into the nation's surface and groundwater.
Since there seems to be no attempt to measure, what is society getting?
It's hard to measure what isn't known, and coffee is estimated to contain a thousand aroma compounds.
And measuring what is to be lost and what an offset scheme might offer is still far more a matter of guesswork than science.
Should we measure what is "customary" in the market by last summer, when the final deal was cut, or what's happening now?
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com