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From these three measures we extracted a single principal component that described 80 percent of the variation in the three body size measures.
For continuous outcome measures, we extracted arithmetic means and standard deviations for each group together with the numbers analysed in each group.
Types of outcome measures—We extracted data into 2×2 tables for comparisons of the diagnosis of hypertension provided that clearly defined thresholds for the diagnosis of hypertension were used.
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20 It was routine practice to log telephone contacts between participants and the helpline; for use as a process measure we extracted data on the numbers of successfully completed calls.
When studies reported more than one scale to measure pain we extracted the more severe estimate reported at baseline.
Finally, for the extreme two levels of categorical ABR measures (e.g., highest and lowest income levels), we extracted measures of frequency (e.g., rates), or relative measures of association (e.g., relative rate [RR], odds ratio [OR], hazards rate ratios [HR]) and 95% confidence interval (CI), and p-values for linear trend where available.
As the SES measures were highly correlated, we extracted a common measure using principal component analysis for each study year.
This family effect cannot be measured directly, therefore we extracted it from the frequency of contacts of individual family members.
From the recorded eye-movement data and known positions of lesions we extracted measures of visual attention and search.
We extracted measures of associations that were the most adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, with and without further adjustment for adiposity measures.
To measure PBL telomere length, we extracted genomic DNA from buffy coats using the QIAmp (Qiagen, Chatsworth, CA) 96-spin blood protocol.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com