Difficulties in measuring very low substrate concentrations are by passed by using accurate measurements of OD and a calibration curve relating OD (biomass) to substrate [13] - a method that can in principle be generalized to other substrates that are incorporated into biomass.
"Not surprisingly, all of those samples measured very low for lead," the paper reported.
Thin-film magnetoelectric sensors are able to measure very low magnetic fields.
Magnetic thermometers increase in efficiency as temperature decreases, which makes them extremely useful in measuring very low temperatures with precision.
The potentiometer operates by comparing the voltage to be measured with known voltage; it is used to measure very low voltages.
A robust method for measuring very low amounts of LPS is the reporter gene assay utilizing HEK293 cells transiently transfected with a working LPS receptor and an NF-κB-luciferase reporter, as we described previously16.
To further analyse the two protein batches for potential LPS contamination, we applied an NF-κB reporter gene assay, which is a sensitive method to measure very low amounts of LPS16.
A portable (200×100×100 mm3), high-luminosity, spherically bent crystal spectrometer was designed to measure very low emissivity X-ray spectra of different elements with spatial resolution in a wide spectral range (1.2−19.6 Å).
To measure very low permeability, we use the modified version of the pulse test proposed by Hsieh et al. [Hsieh, P.A., Tracy, J.V., Neuzil, C.E., Bredehoeft, J.D., Silliman, S.E., 1981.
The advantages of using kHz SLR data, instead of classical photometry methods, are the possibility of measuring very low spin rates, without using any additional equipment, during day and night.
