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This is not surprising given the different measures used, but despite this a clear and similar pattern in prevalence by SES is apparent in all three surveys with smoking prevalence consistently higher among those in lower SES groups.
There is only one previous UK study 2 which is comparable to this research in terms of the measures used, but it focused on adolescents in secure care rather than on adolescents in prison.
We therefore conducted further analyses to explore why the results from Study 1 were not observed in Study 2. Studies 1 and 2 were similar in terms of the measures used but differed in some aspects of design and the type and number of participants.
Similar(57)
Competitiveness gauges such as these are notoriously sensitive to the price measure used, but on another indicator, based on relative unit wage costs, the erosion of Spain's cost edge is almost as marked (see chart 1, bottom).Both gauges point up problems in the same handful of countries: Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain a group given the ugly acronym PIIGS.
This result may be due to the relatively weak psychometric properties of the relational thinking measure used, but could also be attributed to the complex nature of relational thinking relative to what is involved in solving mathematical equivalence problems.
Therefore most of the measures used ordinal (ordered) response formats but there was little consistency of the response format and response continuum within measures.
There have been repeated calls for rigorous evaluation of the psychometric properties of measures used cross-nationally [ 32- 34], but they are not commonly applied in educational climate studies.
Validated outcome measures were used, but other relevant effects may have been overlooked.
Fourteen different QOL measures were used but only two fulfilled our minimal defined criteria for quality.
A range of primary outcome measures was used, but some consistent patterns emerged.
Several studies commented that most of these pregnancies were unintended, and no contraceptive measures were used, but no quantitative data on this were systematically collected or reported.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com