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and the corresponding latent variables (constructs), with a view to highlighting to what extent the former measures the latter; this corresponds to the classic confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
These trials assessed the effects of atomoxetine on both core symptoms and a broad range of other outcome measures (the latter are not considered in this report).
In the light of the recent FDA guidance on the use of PRO measures, the latter is of special relevance [ 6].
These studies indicate that aggregate measures from the Canadian census function to mask variation in individual-level measures, the latter being more sensitive to poverty and poor health outcomes.
This was because earlier studies indicate that a higher number of students have altruistic motives for entering medical study than monetary or status motives and the external regulation subscale measures the latter rather than the former (McManus et al. 2006; Millan et al. 2005; Vaglum et al. 1999).
The objectives of this pilot study were, not only to determine the practicality of collecting five QOL measures in terms of administration and respondent burden, but also to estimate the median, mean and standard deviation (SD) of the different QOL measures; the latter provided the estimates to calculate a sample size for the main study.
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They measure the latter by asking people to monitor visual stimuli for occasional, subtle changes.
Because this is also a state function of the second observable, the result of measuring the latter can be predicted with certainty.
During the final 10 d of each period, ration digestibility and energy use was measured, the latter in indirect open-circuit respiration calorimeters.
Every Democrat and 20 Republicans voted against the measure, the latter a mix of ardent conservatives upset that the bill didn't fully repeal Obamacare and members from suburban swing districts worried about the political fallout.
Using them to measure the latter is akin to using a meter stick to weigh a person: you might be able to develop a formula that links height and weight, but there will be plenty of error in your calculations.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com