The three-flat method by interferometry is commonly used to measure the flatness of standard flat surfaces for high-precision interferometers.
In this paper, a three-point method with an autonomous calibration function is proposed to measure the flatness of next-generation 450 mm wafers.
By measuring the flatness of a thin Si-wafer across the supporting pins at high chucking voltages, local bending values are obtained.
The transition frequency,, which specifies a change in the spectrum characteristics from periodic to random, is obtained through measuring the flatness of in a number of subbands,.
Furthermore, Shan et al. [21] in York University developed a photogrammetry software to measure the flatness of a membrane structure that actively boundary controlled by SMA wires.
Seed shape, measured by the flatness index, seems to be a key factor in post-dispersal movement, indicating that the flatter the seeds were, the more seeds remained on the slope.
The entropy is a measure of the flatness of the probability distribution of the gray-scale values in an image.
Kurtosis is a measure of the flatness of the probability distribution for a real valued random variable.
The physicochemical property distribution of the dataset is shown in Fig. 6. Figure 6a d are for MW, ClogP [38] representing calculated lipophilicity, polar surface area (PSA) which represent compounds polarity, and fraction of sp3 carbon atoms (Fsp3) in the compound which is a measure of the "flatness" of a compound [39], respectively.
