In addition, as bone lead is a measure that ascertains prior dose, even in cross-sectional analyses, analysis of bone lead with cognitive test scores evaluates lead dose that preceded current cognitive performance; thus, while cognitive assessment is cross-sectional, dose assessment is retrospective and cumulative.
Information about vascular risk factors ranges from self-report, proxy informants, medical records, to direct clinical and laboratory measures that are ascertained cross-sectionally or longitudinally.
Despite the relatively crude oral health measures that were ascertained, age-, sex- and treatment allocation-adjusted analyses revealed that the group with no teeth were at almost twice the risk of death from all causes relative to those with ≥22 teeth; people with 1 21 teeth had an intermediate risk.
Undoubtedly, there is variability in the practice of these personal protective measures that was not ascertained by the study.
This paper also reports on the quasi-experimental mixed method study with repeated measures that was conducted to ascertain the effectiveness of this new game.
In the evaluation of glycemic control, the measures that are simplest to ascertain are the average and standard deviation, using the BG as the unit of observation [ 2].
This study therefore seeks to ascertain the dynamic patterns and drivers of vulnerability in Brunei, and to propose measures that could strengthen integration and reduce future vulnerabilities and disaster risks.
For example, in Spain the presumed consent law is "soft" in that doctors take active measures to ascertain that the next of kin do not object to organ recovery.
What this presupposes are the requirements of any measuring, quantitative or qualitative: (1) something measurable to be ascertained, (2) a measure, that is a criterion or norm embodying standard units, (3) the actual measuring that employs the norm, (4) the results of the process, the measure taken.
Therefore, the aims of this study were (1) to find a comprehensive theoretical framework that outlines the key concepts that should be measured to ascertain the quality of the educational environment, and (2) to test the applicability of this framework.
