They may include both individual-based measures (illness, sickness, disease, injury, and death) as well as measures of population health and burden of disease.
The use of HR practices is related to improved financial outcomes (measure: net margin), organizational outcomes (measure: client satisfaction) and HR outcomes (measure: sickness absence).
However, measuring sickness absence as an additional outcome to disability pension is interesting, as disability pension is mostly granted when regaining of workability is judged to be unlikely.
The comparability of estimated productivity costs is hampered by substantial differences in the costs of the items considered and the methods used for measuring sickness absence and presenteeism, as well as differences in and insufficient methodology used in the valuation of these measurement tools.
Our measures of sickness absence, self-certified sick leave and GP-certified sick leave are the rates of sick leave in percent of contracted working days.
For example, it has been shown that problems with a 'gold standard' measure, the Sickness Impact Profile, were due to an inconsistency between the scoring method (additive) and the scaling method (Thurstone scaling) [ 16]; as a result, an individual with small limitations could have a higher score than someone who was completely incapacitated.
The following measures of sickness absence were calculated: Frequencies and percentages of: people sickness absent, prevalent and incident sick-leave spells, sick-leave spells/individual, sick-leave spells/duration of sick-leave spells, sick-leave days/individual, sick-leave days/sick-leave spell, and granted disability pension in 2005.
Which sick-leave diagnoses were most frequent when different measures of sickness absence were employed?
Infected subjects receiving exogenous corticosterone showed exacerbation of acute phase measures of sickness and severe mortality as well as decreased viral clearance from CNS (Experiment 3).
