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While type difference and border distance are inherently ordinal measures, projection directions can also be considered as ordinal values, by arranging them in the order of ('ascending'lateralral'descendinging'descending
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The CD and WD can be alternatives and superior to other 2-D approaches because they both exhibits some advantages such as permutation invariance, rotation invariance (reflection invariance) and the ability to measure projection uniformity.
The first term in formula (11) represents the difference between the projection of the reconstructed projection and the measured projection, that is, the data fidelity item; the second term is the wavelet sparse transformation constraint term; the third term is the total variation difference constraint term.
The hip was measured in the standard projection, and results are reported for femoral neck and trochanter.
For MCR, measured projections were reconstructed into a 70 × 70 × 70 matrix with 4-mm cubic voxels.
Measured projections of a myocardial phantom (Data Spectrum Corp ,Hillsborough, NC, USA) were used to enable quantitative MCR evaluation and to compare the MCR to the NM 530c reconstruction.
Note that this is very different from measuring projections of a sample's SAMM along mechanistic or any other non-orthogonal signatures, since this procedure will not preserve distance.
Sperm head areas calculated from ocular micrometer measurements were slightly smaller (P<0.05) than areas measured using projection.
We also measured the projection of the pecten, which is a vascular structure in the retina that projects a blind area in the visual field [22].
To resolve this, we measure the projection of each component to the trajectory.
Fig. 3 Relative flexion measured after projection on sagittal plane (Subject 7).
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