Where: ( {M}_0 ) = measures productivity of the production point ( left({x}^{t+1},{y}^{t+1}right) ) relative to the production point ( left({x}^t,{y}^tright) ); ( {D}_0^tleft({x}^{t+1},{y}^{t+1}right) ) = represents the distance from the period t + 1 observation to the period t technology; and.
The collected data were used to create the following measurements: growth rate, collaborative measures, productivity at the institutional level, the most productive authors, the most prolific countries with citation patterns, and the most prolific journals [ 23, 20, 24, 25].
Main Outcome Measures: Productivity, defined as gainful employment, school, and/or volunteer work, and competitive activity, defined as work for pay or enrollment in school.
It measures productivity change from period t to period t + 1 using the technology level at period t as a benchmark.
It measures productivity loss by collecting data on absence from work, reduced efficiency at work and difficulties with job performance [ 92].
Most studies apply the human capital (HC) approach, which measures productivity losses by multiplying the work-time lost as a consequence of illness by the gross earnings of the individuals affected.
