These included a lack of standardised measurements and a lack of reporting (and, in particular, the non-reporting of measures of variability and/or replication) for many composition parameters, and there was evidence of duplicate or selective reporting of data collected in experiments, which may lead to publication bias.
The variance (s2) and the standard deviation (s), on the other hand, are measures of variability that are based on all the data and are more commonly used.
First, in acutely admitted BD cases, we identified that measures of variability and entropy of activity in the morning significantly differentiated BDep from mixed states or mania.
For each recording, we calculated mean activity levels over 24 h, but especially focused on key measures of variability and complexity in activity.
To study the population statistics, we applied descriptive statistical methods, in particular measures of central tendency – minimum, maximum, mean, median and mode – and measures of variability – interquartile range, standard deviation and coefficient of variation.
In studies where standard deviation (SD) for ICU LOS and DMV was not reported, we calculated SD from other measures of variability (standard error (SE), interquartile range (IQR), or 95% CI) following the methods suggested by the Cochrane Collaboration [24].
New methods to examine water quality are required as data is often highly left censored and so traditional measures of variability such as the coefficient of variation are inappropriate.
To determine the match-to-match variability in physical activity and technical performance measures in Australian Football, and examine the influence of playing position, time of season, and different seasons on these measures of variability.
The marginal cost of precautionary measures might be computed from a theoretical model for buffer stocks or buffer time with appropriately estimated parameter values; here, however, we take as a proxy for marginal costs the average costs for precautionary measures and relate the average costs to different measures of variability.
For continuous data, summary estimates per group (means, changes in means) with measures of variability (standard deviation [SD], 95% confidence interval [CI]) as available were extracted.
We excluded trials that either studied the effects of zinc supplementation on future episodes or did not report the mean duration (and measures of variability) of the current diarrheal episodes [29], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53].
