Love and Kraatz (2009) use changes in reputation as an additional measure of turnover strategies' effectiveness.
This measure of turnover, however, does not account for relocation, parental leave or similar reasons for employees leaving the firm and perpetuating a work relationship with the employer.
eThis measure of turnover risk may capture a positive effect on training stemming from expanding companies that permanently increase their staff and at the same time provide training.
One limitation of the standard measure of turnover (leavers in the year/total workforce) is that over the time period under measure it does necessarily differentiate well when comparing units with high and repeated turnover in a few posts, and those with lower turnover in more posts [ 13, 17].
The structural parameters of trabecular bone and the static indices of bone turnover, determined using histomorphometric analysis, and biochemical measures of bone turnover were similar in the male and female groups (Table 1).
In studies, applying indirect measures of protein turnover, in vitro models provide results that suggests that attenuated energy turnover and loss of muscle mass may be developed at hypoxia exposure due to a decrease in overall protein turnover rate [7] [10].
An explanation for this difference, the scientists suggest, is that previous studies used indirect measures of collagen turnover in the joints.
The measures of density, turnover and stability were carried out by analyzing all protrusions, i.e. filopodia and spines.
Measures of muscle turnover are often invasive and therefore are limited in terms of repeats.
However, these latter results further complicate the task, as they call into question the use of monoamine metabolites as straightforward, although indirect, measures of brain turnover.
