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This is most effectively done when multiple measures of the underlying concept are utilised, allowing for the application of more appropriate models with more precise estimates.
This reviews discusses comprehensively the state-of-the-art of neuroimaging in the study of FTLD spectrum of disorders, and attempts to envisage which will be new neuroimaging biomarkers that could serve as surrogate measures of the underlying pathology.
where is the signal quality of the k th segment of data and may be replaced by various measures of the underlying signal quality, such as the purity index defined in (2), that is,.
The analytic model used to describe these data had a multivariate melatonin response with the four dependent variables used as manifest measures of the underlying melatonin response (n = 163).
22 23 These are particularly relevant in ADHD as EEG coherence reflects the connectivity and synchronisation of different brain areas, thus providing potential measures of the underlying dysfunction.
Indeed, the validity of our criteria as measures of the underlying construct of feasibility may be limited thereby limiting their connection to the actual process of adoption and implementation.
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Individual anthropometric values are likely to have been affected by random measurement errors, but the inclusion in the statistical models of all available (observed and imputed) age-specific measurements should have provided a more accurate measure of the underlying growth trajectory for each woman.
He figures that pre-tax domestic corporate profits exclusive of the financial sector are the best measure of the "underlying health of business in America".
It is shown that both the stress and displacement forms of the simplified strain gradient elasticity theory obtained reduce to their counterparts in classical elasticity when the strain gradient effect (a measure of the underlying material microstructure) is not considered.
Errors common to both numeracy and literacy or common to all plausible values in the numeracy domain, ranging from the tested person having a bad testing day or the fact that the test measures may not be an encompassing measure of the underlying concept of human capital, are not eliminated (for an in-depth discussion, see section 2 in Hanushek et al., 2015).
The value of σ is a measure of the underlying variability in the ratings.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com