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The availability of paternally reported measures of paternal alcohol use is another strength, as many studies rely on maternal reports of paternal alcohol consumption.
The OECD controlled for this by using two other measures of paternal dedication: attendance at antenatal classes and presence during birth.
Our study adds objective measures of paternal insulin resistance, endothelial function, and lipid profile to these phenotypic characteristics.
Some may consider our selection of predictor variables incomplete as it does not include measures of paternal size, maternal weight or maternal weight gain.
Like most studies, we used surrogate measures of paternal involvement, including an indirect relationship type measure as well as a more direct measure of paternal support.
This study is a crucial first step for developing measures of paternal involvement and for developing programs to increase fathers' involvement during this crucial time for infants, in-utero.
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Additionally, we use job title to derive an approximate measure of paternal social class and use this to investigate possible associations between paternal occupational social class (OSC) and childhood CNS tumours.
We use job title to derive an approximate measure of paternal social class and use this to investigate the possible independent associations between paternal social class and childhood leukaemia.
Measures of both paternal and offspring BMI were available in 72 815 father-son pairs (2030 paternal deaths).
Because support in disputes has been used as the primary measure of male paternal care in baboons (Buchan et al. 2003), we recorded all occurrences of interventions by a third party during aggressive acts.
Logistic and ordered logistic regression were also used to estimate both crude and adjusted associations (adjusting for confounders as listed in tables A1 and A2 web only) between the measures of maternal and paternal alcohol exposure and our balance outcome measures.
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