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The design of new materials requires establishment of macroscopic measures of material performance as functions of microstructure.
Although monetary measures of material losses are a key part of Material Flow Cost Accounting to assist with eco-efficiency calculations linking economic and environmental performance, problems remain as management resist being accountable for such losses.
The other measures — the official poverty numbers, the supplemental ones, measures of material hardship, measures of how many people lack decent work— have their flaws, but they all point to poverty rates multiple times higher.
Traditional measures of material power -- typically understood as the kind of power that can be directed towards violence -- have shifted across time.
The IFs model used two different measures of material power to capture this changing dynamic, as presented in Global Trends 2030.
That income poverty had differential effects on the two measures of material hardship is consistent with research finding that income poverty may have differential effects on various dimensions of material hardship [6].
Measures of material disadvantage were associated with a greater degree of concentrated county poverty (Table 2).
Measures of material deprivation are often closely associated with possible aetiological factors such as smoking, occupation, and previous illness history.
Measures of material affluence are typically completed more accurately by children than alternative markers of SES such as parental occupation or education [ 34].
Differences between the results of our study and other studies may be partly explained by the differences between the measures of material deprivation.
It has been shown to perform well in comparison with other geographical measures of material disadvantage, such as the closely correlated Townsend index (Morris and Carstairs, 1991).
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