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Nutritional immunomodulation holds great promise as a means to increase poultry productivity and health, however, the implications on production traits, the danger of ascribing too much confidence in studies that report only a single or few measures of immunity may lead to changes in immune function that predispose the birds to other diseases, or decrease production characteristics.
Multiple measures of immunity ensured identification of differences in the specific immune trait expressed between males and females within each age category.
If the ability to colonize the LRT in large numbers and cause inflammation and disease symptoms (coughing) are important to B. bronchiseptica transmission, as they are to the other bordetellae, then these measures of immunity to B. pertussis are likely to limit the infectiousness of B. bronchiseptica in humans [17].
Measles-specific IgG levels are widely used as proxy measures of immunity in measles immunisation programmes.
First, our measures of immunity are relevant in examining trade-offs (see Immune analysesImmune analyses section in Methods), even if apparently irrelevant as markers of mortality.
We first tested whether six measures of immunity varied between prelaying female eiders that were asymptomatically infected with P. multocida (and thus, possible carriers) versus uninfected females.
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But Ms Lalbiaksang's CD4 count, a measure of immunity, suggests she has not yet developed full-blown AIDS.
Until now, Seif had been afforded, perhaps due to his age and class, a measure of immunity from the violence of the security forces, but his membership in the Syrian National Council, a newly formed opposition platform, may have changed that.
If photographers and reporters in wars past had enjoyed some measure of immunity because of their professed status as neutral observers, that veneer of protection had been stripped away.
Some suggest that security officials in the disputed province exaggerate the threat from extremism to justify wide-ranging powers of arrest and detention – and a broad measure of immunity from prosecution for human rights abuses – granted early on in the conflict.
Professor John Oxford of the Royal London Hospital said that the accidental release of the 1950s strain of H1N1 in 1977 is entirely plausible, but it may have been a good thing as it would have given many older people alive today some measure of immunity to the current pandemic.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com