Edin et al. (2000) point out that the measures of immigrants' assimilation can be distorted if a significant fraction of immigrants return back to their home country.
The measure of immigrant concentration is the logarithm of foreign population (mean 9.78, s.d. 1.08) as defined in the Data Section.
The decomposition of the French labor market into skill groups (rather than skill-region groups), which are moreover not too narrowly defined (e.g., the present study uses three education groups, instead of four in Borjas (2003) and Ottaviano and Peri (2012) or five in Borjas (2014)), should limit any sampling error in the measure of immigrant shares.
For the federal government and for many Americans, naturalizations — the legal process by which legal immigrants become citizens — are a measure of immigrants' willingness to join the society and embrace its civic values.
He further claims that several measures of accommodation of immigrant groups (group-specific polyethnic rights) are in fact a form of compensation for the impossibility of having a fully culturally neutral public sphere.
Our source country variables (measured at time of immigrant arrival) include: relative female labor activity rate, completed fertility, GDP per capita, refugee percentage, whether it is an English-speaking or English-official country, gender-specific primary and secondary school enrollment rates, and distance to the United States.
No firm conclusions can be drawn on the suitability of these activation measures for immigrants in the short run.
Last week, House Republicans passed a measure to resume deportations of immigrant children brought to the US illegally by their parents.
To test this, we added a regional measure of the number of immigrant removals during 2005 2013.12 The results are robust to controlling for the number of immigrants ordered removed by federal immigration courts, most of whom are unauthorized immigrants.
Figure 3 shows, for 1980 and 2000, the average across immigrant women of the female activity rate ratio (F/M) in their source country (measured at the time of immigrant arrival to the United States) and the corresponding means for the United States, similarly weighted by the number of immigrants in each arrival period cell.
