Food security status at the 42-month point is the only measure in this panel that is capturing status post-program, suggesting a continued effect at least through the fourth year.8 8 Although the table only reports two measures of material hardship, the program also reduced hardship as measured by several other measures (not reported), such as borrowing from family or friends or using a pawn shop.
That income poverty had differential effects on the two measures of material hardship is consistent with research finding that income poverty may have differential effects on various dimensions of material hardship [6].
Measures of economic hardship should take responsibility for dependents into account.
The other measures — the official poverty numbers, the supplemental ones, measures of material hardship, measures of how many people lack decent work— have their flaws, but they all point to poverty rates multiple times higher.
To strengthen the validity of our findings, we also use different measures of financial hardship.
Indeed, Saunders [ 15] argues that there are limitations of relying on simply income based measures of economic hardship.
One recent study of individual factors, pollutant exposures, and neighborhood measures of socioeconomic hardship (Ponce et al. 2005) found that preterm birth risk was affected by the interaction of residential traffic-related air pollution exposure and measures of neighborhood economic hardship.
In the present study we aimed at investigating the following; (i) independent associations between multiple measures of economic hardships and mental health problems and (ii) associations of a combined economic hardships measure with mental health problems.
The aim of this paper was to investigate; (i) independent associations between multiple measures of economic hardships and mental health problems, and (ii) associations between a combined economic hardships measure and mental health problems.
One measure of the hardship has been the sudden proliferation of the "marmita," or lunch box, used by employees to take their home cooking to work.
