The ADA classification of diabetes as type 1 and type 2 does not include operational definitions for the specific etiologic markers of diabetes type, such as types and numbers of diabetes autoantibodies or measures of insulin resistance, hallmarks of type 1 and 2 diabetes, respectively (43).
This is plausible as it implies that HIV brain alterations in terms of functional connectivity are most likely to express from this side view (i.e., in measures of immune function, the HIV hallmark).
One assay measured the hallmark loss of heat resistance associated with the earliest moments of germination [31].
Thus, sets of genomic alterations which are associated with network operational signatures could be linked to the state/measure of hallmark traits.
These tests are designed to measure two hallmarks of depression, behavioral despair, and anhedonia, and the effect of ARS on these behaviors in rodents has been used to model the effects of acute stress on depression (Kohda et al., 2007).
Measuring these hallmarks of colon cancer in a quantitative fashion could be a suitable option for risk stratification.
Deficits in PPI, a hallmark measure of sensorimotor gating, have been frequently reported in schizophrenia (Braff et al., 2001) and, more recently, in autism (Kohl et al., 2013).
This measure of depressive symptoms includes hallmark depressive symptoms, considers important duration and frequency criteria, and has been previously used in a large multi-country study covering all world regions [ 18].
These measures are both hallmarks of the need for immediate gratification which has been associated with fast, intuitive 'system-1' decision making, as opposed to more deliberate and effortful 'system-2' decision making.
The detection of autophagy should ideally measure both of these hallmarks, and also include the delivery of LC3 to the lysosomes (i.e., the formation of autolysosomes).
