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Behavioral measures of gaze following seem typical around 6 months of age in Sib-A, but impairments become apparent at the beginning of the second year, when Sib-A follow gaze but spend less time than controls looking at the gazed-at object (Bedford et al., 2012; Landa, Holman, & Garrett-Mayer, 2007).
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In addition to some of the standard measures, such as smooth pursuit velocity gain, phase error, and RMS error, we measured the variability of gaze positional error relative to the target.
Measures obtained were mean fixation duration and the standard deviation of gaze coordinates (spread of search) for both the horizontal and vertical axes.
To explore this and other questions regarding the dynamics of visual foraging, Dr. Robertson's lab records steady-state visual evoked potentials from infants to measure attention independently of gaze.
One of the most difficult problems when using eye tracking to identify the focus of visual attention is the inaccuracy of the eye trackers used to measure the point of gaze.
Further, this instrument does not measure the position of gaze, only changes in gaze from the initial calibration position.
The findings of a stable cultural difference in measures of fixation duration, gaze distance and eye-movements between objects and backgrounds, with more dynamic effects observed for measures of the number of fixations suggest that these are separate aspects of visual attention processing that are modulated differently by culture.
The variability in the radial direction was measured with the SD of gaze errors perpendicular to the target trajectory, whereas the variability in the tangential direction was measured with the SD of gaze errors along the target trajectory.
During the phase assessment, subjects were seated in recliners in dim light (always <10 lux, at the level of the subjects' eyes, in the direction of gaze, measured at least every 4 hours with a Minolta TL-1 light meter, Ramsey, NJ) for at least 20 hours.
We mapped responses to polar angle (measured from the contralateral horizontal meridian around the center of gaze) and eccentricity (distance from the center-of-gaze) using standard phase-encoded retinotopic stimuli (Sereno et al. 1995).
The Tobii system measures the gaze direction of each eye separately and from these measurements evaluates where on the screen the individual is looking.
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