To exclude the possibility that histamine mediates pain and inflammation independent of pathophysiology, we assessed PRV-induced bladder inflammation using Evan's blue dye extravasation as a measure of edema [11], [13] (Fig. 6B).
The difference between the paw volume at zero minute and each time point was taken as a measure of edema.
Serum amylase, pancreatic water content (as a measure of edema), pancreatic myeloperoxidase activity, and Reg/PAP expression were quantified.
Protein concentrations were determined in the BAL supernatant, as a measure of edema, with a commercially available kit (BCA™ Protein Assay Kit, Pierce Biotechnology Inc., Rockford, IL, USA) following the manufacturer's protocol.
On the basis of the MRI results, the acute spinal lesions of AS can be evaluated by the MRI Scoring System for Spinal Inflammation in AS (ASspiMRI), an updated system in which each of 24 vertebrae (C2 to S1) is graded on a six-point scale that measures degree of edema, extent of bone erosions, inflammation, and chronicity [ 63].
However, the prognostic effect of the quantity of edema fluid, measured by thermodilution, was not found in patients presenting ARDS in this study [5].
However, the prognostic effect of the quantity of edema fluid, measured by thermodilution, was not found in patients presenting ARDS in this study [ 5].
It is very sensitive even in small increases of pulmonary fluid content [ 9] and has been shown to be superior to other bedside measures of pulmonary edema [ 28].
In lungs from 29 donors that were rejected for transplantation, lung wet-to-dry weight ratio, a measure of pulmonary edema, was normal in only 7 (24%), indicating that pulmonary edema is very common in organ donors [11].
In lungs from 29 donors that were rejected for transplantation, lung wet-to-dry weight ratio, a measure of pulmonary edema, was normal in only 7 (24%), indicating that pulmonary edema is very common in organ donors [ 11].
