The entropy measure of diversification is defined as: ( sum limits_ileft[{P}_itimes ln left(1/{P}_iright)right] ), P i is the sales in overseas market region i and ln(1/P i ) is the weight.
We used a robustness test by substituting the export country diversification using the entropy measure of international diversification, which has been widely documented in the recent international business literature (e.g. Deng, Jean, & Sinkovics, 2017; Hitt et al., 1997; Qian, Khoury, Peng, & Qian, 2010).
The decision-maker adopts entropy maximization as a measure of risk diversification and a rational form of prudence for valuing uncertain outcomes.
Although this was a tough period, Spokane's economy had started to benefit from some measure of economic diversification; growing companies such as Key Tronic and other research, marketing, and assembly plants for technology companies helped lessen Spokane's dependence on natural resources.
We used extant clade size as a measure of net diversification for our analyses.
Clade size, the current species richness of a lineage, is a measure of net diversification because it is the result of the addition of species through speciation and the removal by extinction.
It combines measures of energy import diversification, political risks of the supplying country, risk associated with energy transit, and the economic impact of a supply disruption.
We use a unique dataset from the Taiwan tax data center and construct the measures of the degree of diversification in a manager's equity portfolio that is made up of equities of other firms to capture his motives for diversifying his risk exposure to his own firm.
A detailed comparative study of immune genes in D. melanogaster and the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and A. gambiae showed that gene families vary in the degree of diversification measured as the proportion of single-copy orthologs and species- or lineage-specific paralogs [ 6, 30] (Table 1).
