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These lower latitude populations are unlikely to have reached the equilibrium conditions necessary for a direct interpretation of measures of differentiation.
Consistent with this expectation, overall differentiation measured by Kst is 0.001, which permutation tests reveal is not significantly different from zero (other measures of differentiation yield the same result).
However, such haplotypes would contribute little to overall measures of differentiation.
Most pairwise subspecific measures of differentiation were significant, with the exception of the comparison of C. a.
Because relative measures of differentiation, such as estimates of FST, can be difficult to compare (Hedrick 1999), we also estimated Nei's standard genetic distance (DS) using FSTAT.
The few comparisons finding some eigenvectors in common did not correspond to particularly low measures of differentiation by the other methods.
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One of these parameters, FST, provides a useful measure of differentiation among local subpopulations.
Milk protein expression in the mammary gland can be used as a measure of differentiation.
The strongly selected loci will drive the overall measure of differentiation even in the face of considerable gene flow.
The possibility that it is a technical artifact of the analysis must be considered, but it also dominates the profiles of only the individuals with the highest quality RNA (see methods), it is hard to conceive that an artifact would stably transmit across the generations, and would so clearly correlate with a measure of differentiation of major T cell classes.
In (2), the parameter πi stands for the allele frequency in the population ancestral to the J surveyed populations (assuming a star shaped phylogeny) and cj is a measure
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