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In a related article, Beekman et al. (2013) use the same communities and measures of corruption and find that individuals living in communities with corrupt leaders also show less productive investment and propensity to trade.
Its measures of corruption, for example, inveigle their way into the political debate in many of its client countries.
(Economists have found a strong correlation between diplomats' New York parking tickets and measures of corruption in their home countries; One of Bloomberg's signature achievements was cracking down on them).
We use randomly generated municipal audit reports with objective measures of corruption from Brazil to assess whether new information about corruption affects municipal property tax collection and the structure of fiscal institutions.
To evaluate this neo-liberal corruption hypothesis that the share of the workforce in informal enterprises is greater in countries with higher levels of public sector corruption, three different measures of corruption are analysed.
Over the past few years, traditional measures of corruption, such as the Corruption Perceptions Index by Transparency International, have placed the U.S. among the least corrupt nations in the world, currently ranking No. 18 among 180 rated countries.
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Another measure of corruption in cities is the extent to which organised crime or more generalised violence is widespread.
If only Israeli prosecutors accepted that a small measure of corruption is part of the business of governing.
But then Roberts relies on a very narrow measure of corruption: "Ingratiation and access … are not corruption," he writes, quoting Citizens United.
Thanks to his measure of corruption, Mr Olken can weigh up different strategies to fight it.He reaches an unfashionable conclusion.
As a result I would also suggest using this data alongside Transparency International's Corruption Perception index, which gives a measure of corruption based on surveys with real businesses and investors.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com