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We used two measures of admixture: the admixture coefficient mY [44] and expected homozygosity FS. mY coefficients and standard deviations were computed as averages of 1,000 random bootstrap samples using the programme ADMIX [44], [45].
We estimated the genetic component of three Middle Eastern breeds (Arab, Akhal Teke and Caspian) in Iberian and cE/UK breeds using two different measures of admixture, the admixture coefficient mY (Table S1A C) and expected homozygosity FS (Table S2).
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Genotyping for the measures of genetic admixture was performed at Prevention Genetics (www.preventiongenetics.org).org
The no-admixture model was chosen since the amount of admixture was found to be negligible.
Refer to the admixture manufacturer for recommendations on the type and amount of admixture to use.
To measure the effect of admixture with Neanderthals on splicing, we used the complete genome sequence of the Neanderthal Altai80 to identify a total of 100,755 frequent SNPs (MAF > 5%) that are exclusively present on Neanderthal haplotypes in Europe (aSNPs, Supplementary Note 5).
Posterior probability of assignment as pure, F1s, F2s, and backcrosses were initially measured, and proportions of admixture vs. pure were then calculated from these results.
Subsequent to this analysis, genetic data from individuals collected within the range of "parental populations" and individuals collected within areas of "secondary contacts" were treated in separate datasets to measure genetic divergence and degree of admixture independently.
To measure the population structure and degree of admixture, we applied the STRUCTURE algorithm.
Therefore, the degree of admixture was also measured in the case-control sample, and admixture effects on the case-control association analysis were controlled by a structured association (SA) method [ 15].
Posterior probability of assignment as pure, F1s, F2s, and backcrosses were initially measured and than combined to obtain proportions of admixture vs. pure.
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