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We used the Townsend deprivation index (Townsend 1987), which measures material deprivation based on four census variables: unemployment, non-car ownership, non-home ownership, and household overcrowding.
Most importantly, the census does not include information on individual or household income, which directly measures material resources [ 6, 20, 21], or on behavioural and biological risk factors such as smoking, lack of physical activity or blood lipids.
Income is the social status indicator that most directly measures material living standards, but is interlinked with other indicators such as employment status, job type, access to health promoting services, self-esteem, and to relative social standing in society [ 37].
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After filtering SNPs based on quality control measures (Materials and Methods), 279 749 autosomal SNPs remained.
It is also shown that portable spectrophotometers allow for measurement of spectral signals that are diagnostic of the measured material.
The bishop of Durham, supported by Labour and the Liberal Democrats, led the effort to retain the targets, which measure material poverty, and were set to be scrapped under the welfare reform and work bill.
Table 2 Measured material properties of fine iron wires under the quasi-static loading.
Table 1 Measured material properties of RAC under the quasi-static loading.
Table 2 Measured material properties of steel bar, steel plate, and concrete.
An electrostatic pull-in beam has been widely used to measure material properties.
Nanoindentation is a technique commonly used for measuring material elastoplastic properties.
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