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The chart below measures language diversity in two very different ways: the number of languages spoken in the country and Greenberg's diversity index, which scores countries on the probability that two citizens will share a mother tongue.
Immigrant minorities are vulnerable to specific patterns of exclusion and discrimination that require group specific measures (language acquisition, diploma recognition, anti-racism, ensuring the visibility of minorities in the medias and public offices, accommodation in public institutions, etc).
Because the CCC measures language abilities, lower scores suggest pragmatic language deficits.
Acculturation was assessed with two proxy measures: language of the interview and proportion of lifespan spent in the USA.
The added value of non-memory measures (language and executive function) and biomarkers (hippocampal and white-matter hyperintensity volume, brain parenchymal fraction [BPF], and APOEε4 status) was investigated using logistic regression.
In sum, in a bilingual setting, this task measures language proficiency in the sense of lexical competence, and additionally, it provides an indication of the speaker's ability to prevent interference.
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But he used surprisingly measured language to describe the attack.
Last week, both Mrs. Clinton and President Obama criticized the verdict against her in relatively measured language, calling it "unjust" and repeating a demand for her release.
But at its core, it is an environmentalist tract, and, behind the mostly measured language, a fairly radical one, at that.
"Our clients have never been able to measure language — in marketing it's a very subjective thing… Everyone's got an opinion.
Tests that measure language proficiency in non-native speakers are typically linked to the common European framework of reference for languages.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com