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Other widely used methods include geometric measures like Euclidean distance, Manhattan distance, measures from information theory (Bullinaria and Levy 2007), and more recent methods like APSyn (Santus et al. 2016).
The technique is based on measures from information theory and is used both for spatial localization of task-related activity, as well as for extracting temporal information regarding the task-dependent propagation of activation across different brain regions.
Recent detailed examination of commonly used complexity measures from information theory, chaos theory, and random fractal theory for characterizing EEG time series shows that their variations with time are either similar or reciprocal, but the behaviors of some of them are counter-intuitive and puzzling [2].
Because we want to be able to apply the methods generally we chose measures from information theory that do not rely on a particular form of the probability density.
This can be done in an empirical fashion, balancing the needs of accuracy and computational complexity, using measures from information theory which discriminate between n-grams models with increasing n [16], [17], or by more sophisticated methods like the Akaike Information Criterion which directly provides an optimal value for n [23].
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Data were collected retrospectively on process of care measures originating from information extracted from the medical records maintained at each study hospital, in accordance with federal law.
The network performance is primarily assessed using two measures derived from information theory (Bishop 1997; MacKay 2003), which reflect how well cells respond invariantly to a particular stimulus over several transforms but differently to other stimuli (Rolls et al. 1997; Rolls and Milward 2000; Elliffe et al. 2002).
The lack of current occupational information for one spouse, however, requires us to construct the distance measures from partial information.
In this section, we present methods to derive these measures from position information of pedestrians and discuss their relation.
We then assess bias by comparing distributions at different read positions, using the Kullback-Leibler divergence measure known from information theory.
A particular benefit was in stimulating discussion on the purpose of different kinds of measures and activities, for instance separating measures of harm from information that identified vulnerabilities in the system and enabled learning.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com