We also used these data to measure the duty factor, defined as the fraction of the step cycle where the leg is in the stance phase (stance duration / period) [ 34].
To obtain fleet emission factors for the post-1995 studies, we have combined the separately measured light-duty and heavy-duty emission factors, using a value of 4% trucks to match the most common percentage in earlier studies.
Within 15 months, the commission must determine whether to impose so-called definitive measures, or duties lasting up to five years.
Furthermore, a similar song measure termed "duty cycle" has been suggested to convey information about the motivational state of a signaler in an alarm context (black-capped chickadees, Poecile atricapillus; Wilson and Mennill 2011).
Overall these fuel duty measures have cost £20bn.
Measures to improve duty of care and military covenant, including doubling allowance for troops serving in Afghanistan.
Transport measures like fuel duty increases and car tax exemption for zero-carbon cars should encourage businesses to choose ultra-low and zero-carbon cars and vans, so saving 18m tonnes.
On that measure, the stamp duty hike has worked.
American officials defend the measures, which impose duties up to 30percentt on certain categories of steel imports, as permissible under a "safeguard" exception built into the rules when a harmful flood of imports occurs.
The prosecutor also has an ethical and, in considerable measure, a legal duty to disclose to the defense any information known to him and unknown to the defense that might exonerate the defendant or mitigate the punishment.
