A strength of the NEI VFQ-25 questionnaire is that it not only measures difficulty with visual tasks but also the influence of visual impairment on social functioning, mental health, role difficulties and dependency [ 14].
In many studies in the US, unmet dental care needs have also been used to measure difficulties with access to dental care due to service costs, or lack of insurance in many studies in the US [ 10– 13].
Posterior spillover, reduced base of tongue movement and vallecular residue were used as gross measures of difficulties with oral control to qualify participants for the study.
IADLs, which relate to personal care, were measured using difficulties with washing or bathing, feeding, dressing, and toileting.
IADLs, which relate to personal care, were measured using difficulties with washing or bathing, feeding, dressing, and toileting as shown below.
To construct our measures of difficulty with ADL's and IADL's, we sum the number of tasks on which the respondents are considered to be disabled.
In this paper, we use three different self-reported measures of difficulty with day-to-day activities and mobility as predictors of the source of support received by older people, and these measures are explained in the next section in greater detail.
Although we included this type of measure to bypass difficulties with self-reports of young children, one caveat to this might be that parents might not be fully aware of the behaviors of their child, especially with regard to adolescence.
Although medical aid for resource-poor countries has been provided for decades, the quality of medical care has not been adequately measured because of difficulties with evaluation models [ 18].
The Pepper Assessment Tool for Disability (PAT-D) [ 37, 38] is a 19-item self-report measure of perceived difficulties with mobility and performing basic and advanced activities of daily living during the last month.
