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Model uncertainty is also acknowledged through numerical stabilisation measures by including a nugget term in the formulation of the probability model.
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At GNM, we define an engaged employee as someone who 'says, stays and strives', something we measure by including three specific questions in our annual survey.
One of the questions we wanted to ask was whether an alternative measure — by including many billions in increased safety-net spending — gave a different view from the official count of how much poverty has risen since prerecession days.
In our practice, on both CTA and MRI, heavily calcified annulus area and diameters are measured by including and excluding the calcification.
While being a multidimensional concept, the measure of absorptive capacity has remained mainly based on R&D proxies, that is to say R&D inputs (notably R&D intensity) and outputs (especially patents), even if some recent works try to improve this measure by including new criteria (Flatten et al. 2011).
The time variation of the outcome was measured by including year as continuous variable.
Finally, chronic patterns of interaction were measured by including the adult attachment scale (Collins, 1996).
Here we describe three concepts of including prior knowledge into clustering: 1. Adjusting the distance measure by including prior knowledge.
Another alternative approach when EQ-5D does not cover the relevant outcomes is to expand the measure by including 'bolt-on' dimensions to cover the dimensions missing from the measure.
Residence time was measured by including a small amount of red dye in the water feed and measuring the time for the change in colour of the product exiting the die to be observed.
The effect of the 2006 NICE guidelines on each drug-related use was measured by including a dummy variable representing the before (2000-2005 yeand) afterfter (2006-2007 years) periods of the introduction of this guideline.
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