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Data used in these analyses were obtained from the annual measures at ages 3 to 7, inclusive.
Those with conductive hearing loss in childhood (by proxy measures at ages 7, 11) or with profound hearing loss at ages 7 or 11 (>60 dB) were excluded.
A life-course mental health phenotype based on longitudinal latent class analysis of measures at ages 13, 15, 36, 43 and 53 years is available in NSHD.
Like the Sturaro et al. (2010) article, we focus here on the average quality with same-sex peers because this measure was deemed most comparable with the peer measures at ages 12 and 17.
A quadratic fit remained significant for relationships between speech development and cognitive measures at ages 8 and 26, though not for verbal fluency at age 53 (see Table 4).
We were unable to identify those children within the recovered group who were likely to show later delays on any of the five measures at ages 7 and 12 (Research Question 3).
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The results from the larger sample and stronger measures at age 12 confirm the twin study results that the genetic architecture of intelligence is driven by pleiotropic effects on diverse cognitive abilities.
We assessed mental health symptoms via mothers' and teachers' ratings at age 5 and self-report measures at age 12.
As we analysed a phenotypic outcome at age 10, our use of environmental measures at age 12 is a disadvantage.
Measures at age 7 were taken in a quiet room and at 9 and 11 in a sound-treated booth.
The lack of positive findings could be due to including AP measures at age 3, which show a lower correlation with the AP measures at age 7, 10, and 12.
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