The volta-potential measured with a kelvin sensor is suitable for non-contact measurements of surface potentials [15, 16].
Our measurements of surface air temperatures were much more accurate, and so when people spoke of "global warming," they tended to focus on air temperatures.
The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, flown during February 2000, took a trillion measurements of surface height variations over 80percentt of the planet's land mass.
The greatest number of measurements of surface currents by the Lagrangian method, however, have come from the records of the drift of ships contained in navigation logs.
When measurements of surface areas became possible, it was seen at once that many constituents present in minor quantities in the main catalyst material known as promoters could act by extending the effective surface area of the catalyst.
Because the shape of the sea surface is closely related to that of the seafloor due to gravity, satellite measurements of surface topography have been used to provide a global view of the ocean bottom.
AFM provides high-resolution imaging and measurements of surface topography and properties at the nanoscale.
All measurements of surface contact angle were conducted using KSV CAM-200 (KSV Ins).
For the measurements of surface morphology, an atomic force microscope (AFM, N8 ARGOS, Bruker AXS Inc).
High-precision measurements of surface flatnesses are important in the development of optical devices.
Fig. 2 Schematics of measurements of surface roughness and mechanical properties.
