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When dealing with inexperienced students taking measurements, error variance will probably be large, thus diluting the relationship between markers and the phenotype.
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Bicondylar length, epicondylar breadth, anterior-posterior (AP) diameter, medial-lateral (ML) diameter and cortical area at the midshaft were measured by four observers to test the measurement error variance and observer agreement of the protocol (n = 6).
There is clearly some measurement error variance in age – because age accumulates progressively even if measured in years.
This is larger than the measurement error variance σ2 alone.
In fact, applying the filter without specifying the measurement error variance is more often than not the best choice.
By conducting extensive simulation, we observed that the performance of each estimator varies significantly depending on the measurement error variance.
We have two replicates of W, the error-prone measurement of the glucose concentration, and we apply them into estimation of the measurement error variance.
This indicates that the assumption for the impact of the non-LOS components being represented by the measurement error variance is reasonable.
The characterization of the hydraulic head and transmissivity reference fields is better when the modeler estimates correctly the measurement error variance and takes into account the measurement errors in the modeling as outlined in the paper.
Third, when estimating exogenous shocks it is better to make no a priori assumptions regarding a measurement error variance unless we are absolutely certain we know what it is.
In other words, the analyses provided insufficient evidence of the convergent validity of the personal and communal factors, as the variance shared between these dimensions and its indicators is smaller than the measurement error variance.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com