Even though studies using urinary creatinine measurements (a proxy for muscle mass) reported higher risk for death in diabetic nephropathy patients with lower muscle mass, we did not find such associations with lean body mass in the CKD population [ 35].
To derive testable implications, one also needs subsidiary assumptions concerning distributions, measurement devices, proxies for unmeasured variables, the absence of various interferences, and so forth.
We use a ground based array of magnetometers to establish the high latitude edge of the auroral oval and use this measurement as a proxy for the equatorward edge of the polar cap.
Our database did not have information regarding phosphate regulators, i.e. vitamin D, FGF23 and parathyroid hormone (PTH) [ 2, 29], but we used season at time of baseline measurement as a proxy for vitamin D [ 30].
We used two-factor experiments with repeated measures on one factor (order of activity or baseline measurements as a proxy for time), and α = 0.05 level of significance, to conduct these analyses.
Several in vivo CH4 measurement techniques have been developed but are not suitable for precise and accurate large-scale measurements; hence, proxies for CH4 emissions in dairy cattle have been proposed, including the milk fatty acid (MFA) profile.
The app does not produce the L* a*b* more commonly used in yellowing measurements, and a proxy for yellowing had to be defined.
Therefore, we used body size measurements as a proxy for the population size of asexuals.
However, previous research supports the use of nitrate nitrogen (nitrate-N) measurements as a proxy for wastewater impacts [ 24, 25].
Taking data from baseline measurements as a proxy for follow-up would be inappropriate, as a positive STI test result could influence sexual risk behavior 17, 18.
