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Water contact angle measurement for characterizing surface wettability is assumed to be a relatively simple, useful, and sensitive tool for assessing hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of a surface, surface heterogeneity, surface roughness, solid surface energy, liquid surface tension and line tension [31].
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Therefore, fast and reliable measurement techniques for characterizing mechanical properties as film adhesion and fracture toughness are needed.
The present work also proposes a highly accurate resistance measurement method for characterizing the multi-layer thin films.
In summary, the ability to combine patch clamp electrophysiology with CE MS offers a potential new measurement tool for characterizing cell to cell heterogeneity in well-defined cell samples.
Before 1974, images were so difficult to interpret that ultrasonography was considered of little value apart from obstetric measurement data and for characterizing masses as cysts [19].
Whole-genome transcriptome measurements are pivotal for characterizing molecular mechanisms of chemicals and predicting toxic classes, such as genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, from in vitro and in vivo assays.
To use NR fluorescence as a quantitative indicator of hydrophilicity, we correlated NR fluorescence to contact angle measurements, the standard for characterizing surface wettability.
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The results of these measurements are also useful for characterizing the structure and performance of the developed composites.
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